1 Objective To study the improved extrapleural thoracoplasty in the treatment of chronic tuberculous empyema.

2 Mediastinoscopy a limited role in patient selection for extrapleural pneumonectomy.

3 METHODS: We reviewed 50 consecutive patients undergoing extrapleural pneumonectomy for malignant pleural mesothelioma in our institution between January 1993 and March 2005.

4 Objective:To study the value of detecting the extrapleural hematoma in the evaluation of rib fracture and hemothorax.

5 Mediastinoscopy, however, seems to have a limited role in patient selection for extrapleural pneumonectomy.

6 It was concluded that an intact adrenal gland with sufficient length of the vessels could be obtained for transplantation through the 11th intercostal extrapleural approach.

7 In order to observe the effect of continuous paravertebral extrapleural nerve block(CPENB) on respiratory function.

8 Objective To compare the clinical effects of transpleural and extrapleural ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in left oblique subaxillary incision.

9 Thirty-two cases in the operational group were treated with extrapleural, extraperitoneal approach and transpleural, extraperitoneal approach.