(1) Summary of Background Data . Seeral posterior rod constructs are available for instrumentation across the cervicothoracic junction.

(2) Summary of Background Data. We performed a prospective, randomized double-blind study in patients undergoing multilevel cervical corpectomy procedures.

(3) Summary of Background Data. In children with thoracic insufficiency syndrome, expansion thoracoplasty of the constricted hemithorax improves respiratory function and controls scoliosis.

(4) Summary of Background Data. The stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways including ASK1 transmitted apoptosis signals after acute spinal cord injury.

(5) Summary of Background Data. To our knowledge, few reports have described the kinematic relationships of the upper cervical spine in patients with general age-related cervical spondylosis.

(6) SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Device-related vertebral osteoporosis is a well-known phenomenon that occurs in an early adaptive phase after instrumented spinal fusion.

(7) Summary of Background Data. Historically, occipitocervical dissociation injuries have a high rate of associated neurologic deficit with a relatively high incidence of mortality.

(8) Haiti strong background data: Summary: In the Caribbean sea status, whole northern called the republic of Haiti.

(9) Summary of Background Data . No diagnostic technique as a satisfactory tool for identification of spinal pain.

(10) Summary of Background Data. Human leptospirosis has been intensively studied, and there are several reports of salmonella vertebral osteomyelitis in patients without sickling.

(11) Summary of the Background Data. The use of mobile fluoroscopy has become commonplace in orthopaedics.

(12) Summary of Background Data. A common treatment for spasticity in children with cerebral palsy is ITB. This population also has a high incidence of severe spinal deformities requiring PSF.

(13) SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The morphometry of L5 has been studied to help the introduction of pedicular screws.

(14) Summary of Background Data. Chronic donor site pain and poor cosmesis have been the major deterrents in using iliac crest for long-segment spinal reconstructions.

(15) Summary of Background Data. Longitudinal studies to investigate NSP incidence and risk factors are rare, and even fewer have been conducted in middle- and low-income countries.

(16) Summary of Background Data. There have been few studies that investigated the factors related to patients' satisfaction after spinal fusion in lumbar degenerative disease (LDD).

(17) Summary of Background Data. Osteopetrosis is characterized by osteoclast dysfunction, impaired bone resorption, and poor bone remodeling.

(18) Summary of Background Data. Tears are evidence of structural failure involving the anulus .

(19) Summary of Background Data. The most important feeding artery of the thoracolumbar spinal cord is the great anterior radiculomedullary artery, also called the artery of Adamkiewicz.

(20) Summary of Background Data. Spinal subarachnoid NCC is thought to be the secondary result from larval migration through the ventricular system into the spinal subarachnoid space.

(21) SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Nucleus pulposus cells would have a limited application for autologous cell transplantation if phenotypic dedifferentiation takes place during culture expansion.

(22) Summary of Background Data. Different partial sternotomies with or without associated clavicular resection have been proposed but expose patients to the risk of pseudarthrosis .

(23) Summary of Background Data. Spondylolysis is thought to be caused primarily by a fatigue fracture and spondylolytic tissue has been recognized as being a fibrocartilaginous mass.

(24) Summary of Background Data. Both mechanical and chemical factors hae been identified as important for inducing radiculopathy.

(25) Summary of Background Data. Dyspnea and dysphagia are complications of posterior O-C fusion with malalignment, and may be prolonged or occasionally serious.

(26) Summary of Background Data. Different growth and differentiation factors are currently being used for inducing bone formation in spinal fusion.

(27) Summary of Background Data. TDR has been shown to preserve motion and possibly prevent abnormal loading at the adjacent level.

(28) Summary of Background Data . Irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation is typically a chronic process that requires surgical treatment.

(29) Summary of Background Data: Instrumented spinal arthrodesis is a common procedure to correct scoliosis.

(30) Summary of Background Data. The patient presented with 3 months of neck pain and intermittent right arm radicular symptoms.

(31) Summary of Background Data. It is well known that cervical malalignment after occipito-cervicothoracic fusion may cause dysphagia or, rarely, dyspnea.

(32) Summary of Background Data. The limited literature on the treatment of cervical hyperextension has good to excellent outcomes.

(33) Summary of Background Data. Surgical options for PVO vary, as do their outcomes, and can be complicated by recurrence, pseudarthrosis, and death.

(34) Summary of Background Data . Current concepts of spinal sagittal balance center on the plumb line.

(35) Summary and Background Data. Injury to the lumbar artery or aorta may occur during lumbar disc surgery.

(36) Summary of Background Data. Extension of an existing idiopathic scoliosis fusion to the sacrum for distal degeneration or sagittal imbalance has been associated with a high rate of pseudarthrosis.

(37) Summary of Background Data. Surgeons have applied several techniques for craniocervical and atlantoaxial spondylodesis to address congenital or developmental abnormalities in children.

(38) This image is a composite of clouds from GOES merged with background data of the land surface from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS).

(39) Summary of Background Data. Intradural lumbar disc rupture is an uncommon and serious complication, particularly if it develops as an acute traumatic lesion.

(40) Summary of Background Data. The incidence of the adjacent and the nonadjacent, remote level subsequent vertebral fractures after lumbar spinal fusion is not well described in the literature.

(41) Summary of Background Data. Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis are prevalent in the general population; however, the relationship between these conditions and LBP is controversial.

(42) Summary of Background Data . Asymptomatic epidural hematoma is common after lumbar surgery.

(43) Summary of Background Data. Hydatid cyst is a disease caused by larval Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm. Spinal hydatid cyst rarely leads to severe neurologic problems.

(44) Summary of Background Data. Cosmetic truncal and pelvic distortions are of important concern to patients with AIS.

(45) Summary of Background Data. Burst fractures of L 5 represent aery small proportion of all spinal injuries.

(46) Summary of Background Data. Human MSC are multipotent mesenchymal adult stem cells that have a potential for autologous transplantation, obviating the need for immune suppression.

(47) Summary of Background Data. Osteochondroma is the most common primary benign bone tumor.

(48) Summary of Background Data. The effects of flexion and extension on spinal canal diameters and DCSA are well documented.

(49) Summary of Background Data. Compared with conventional open PLIF, mini-open PLIF using a paramedian approach reduces intraoperative hemorrhage and decreases postoperative back pain.

(50) Summary of Background Data. OI is a rare genetic collagen disorder that is characterized by bone fragility and ligamentous laxity.

(51) Summary of Background Data Curative treatment of osteoid osteomas entails complete intralesional excision of the nidus.

(52) Summary of Background Data. Fusion procedures have been associated with adjacent level morbidities and facet joint pathologies in a considerable number of patients.

(53) Summary of Background Data . Bacteria hae been cultured from intervertebral discs of patients with sciatica.

(54) Summary of Background Data. Ossification of ligamentum flavum (OLF) in the lumbar region causing neurologic impairment is a rare pathologic entity described mainly in Japanese literature.

(55) Summary of Background Data. Correct intraoperative localization of intradural spinal tumors as well as tailored dural opening is essential in surgery and can be demanding in some instances.

(56) Summary of Background Data. Systematic reviews suggest that cyclo- oxygenase - 2 inhibitors are an effective treatment for acute postoperative pain.

(57) Summary of Background Data. The management of unilateral subaxial cervical facet fractures and dislocations lacks agreement on treatment options and the variables that influence outcome.

(58) Summary of Background Data. Neurologic deficit is one of the risks of surgical correction of scoliosis.

(59) Summary of Background Data. The morphometry of L5 has been studied to help the introduction of pedicular screws.

(60) Summary of Background Data . Halo orthosis is a commonly used, well - tolerated spinal stabilizing device.