第五节
原作意象结构的再现
文学作品的审美意象群是一个多层面的整体结构,包含一个中心意象和若干从属意象。各从属意象相互关联,对中心意象起渲染和烘托作用。各意象通过互动关系传达一种总体意蕴,它大于各意象含义的简单总合。文学作品中一个意象表现一幅画面,意象的连接和融合将一组画面连接起来,通过其微妙含蓄的内在联系表现一种深远的意境,留给读者丰富的想象空间和回味的余地。在译语表达阶段译者要力求再现原作的意象结构和意象组合方式。下面是元代诗人马致远的《天净沙·秋思》和三个译文:
枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯。
Withered vines,olden tree,evening crows;
Tiny bridge,flowing brook,hamlet homes;
Ancient roads,wind from west,bony horse;
The sun is setting,
Broken man,far from home,roams and roams.
(赵甄陶译)
A little bridge lies across the stream which past houses flows;
A wither'd vine still clings to the old tree,in which crows rest;
A lanky horse crawls along the ancient road,and th’ west wind blows.
The dusky sun is sinking down the west;
The earth's remotest corner witnesses a stranger much distress'd.
(卓振英译)
At dusk o'er old trees wreathed with withered vine fly crows;
‘Neath tiny bridge beside a cot a clear stream flows;
On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes.
Westward declines the sun;
Far,far from home is the heartbroken one.
(许渊冲译)
原诗意境悠远,十二个意象直接并置,表面上是并列关系,但从深层语义结构分析,“枯藤”与“老树”、“小桥”与“流水”、“古道”与“西风”分别修饰“昏鸦”、“人家”、“瘦马”,原诗展现了这样一幅画面:枯藤老树上栖息着昏鸦,小桥流水边有一处人家,在古道上、西风里一匹瘦马在缓缓前行。日落西山,天色渐暗,漂泊异乡的游子内心愈发惆怅悲苦。“断肠人”是全诗的中心意象,诗人通过“枯藤”、“老树”、“昏鸦”、“小桥”、“流水”、“人家”、“古道”、“西风”、“瘦马”、“夕阳”的意象并置,使其相互间的联系变得含蓄朦胧,烘托了一种苍凉凄苦的氛围,渲染了“断肠人”内心无尽的思乡之情,耐人寻味。译文一Withered vines,olden tree,evening crows/Tiny bridge,flowing brook,hamlet homes/Ancient roads,wind from west,bony horse;保留了原诗意象的并置形式,没有用任何关联成分。原诗“枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马”表面上是意象并置,但在深层语义结构上,“昏鸦”、“人家”、“瘦马”是中心意象。英语读者通过译文一要把握住这种隐含的语义结构比较困难。
译文二A little bridge lies across the stream which past houses flows/A wither'd vine still clings to the old tree,in which crows rest保留了“小桥流水人家,枯藤老树昏鸦”的意象排列顺序,但把“小桥流水人家”放到了“枯藤老树昏鸦”前面。A lanky horse crawls along the ancient road,and th' west wind blows把“古道西风瘦马”变成了“瘦马古道西风”。译者把houses、crows放到了从句中,把a lanky horse与th' west wind并列,没有突出原诗中“昏鸦”、“人家”、“瘦马”的语义核心地位。译文三At dusk o'er old trees wreathed with withered vine fly crows/‘Neath tiny bridge beside a cot a clear stream flows把“枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家”变成了“老树枯藤昏鸦,小桥人家流水”,On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes则保留了“古道西风瘦马”的意象排列顺序。译者把crows、a lean horse作为主语,再现了“昏鸦”、“瘦马”的语义核心地位,但a cot成了从属成分,没有保留“人家”的语义核心地位。
三种译文都在不同程度上对原诗进行了明晰化处理。译文一Broken man,far from home,roams and roams加入了动词roams and roams,对broken man,far from home进行补充说明。译文二前两行采用复合句形式,第三行采用并列句形式,加入了across、past、to、in、along五个介词和lies、flows、clings、rest、crawls、blows六个动词。最后一行The earth's remotest corner witnesses a stranger much distress'd.加了动词witnesses,把the earth's remotest corner放在行首,作a stranger much distress'd的主语,强调“在天涯”。译文三全部采用简单句形式,加入了at、with、(be)neath、beside、on、in六个介词和fly、flows、goes三个动词。最后一行Far,far from home is the heartbroken one采用倒装结构,将westward、far,far from home放在句首,far,far from home、heartbroken富于情感意义,强调了原诗所渲染的情感氛围:夕阳西沉,天色渐昏,远离故乡的游子内心更加凄苦。比较而言,译文一在意象结构上最贴近原诗,明晰化程度最低,但未得其神,没有把原诗意象结构所蕴含的意境传达给英语读者。译文二、三都对原诗的意象结构做了调整,加入的关联成分数量大致相当。译文三采用简单句形式,而译文二使用了复合句,体现了英语叠床架屋的风格特点,明晰化程度最高。
就意境的再现而言,原诗写游子漂泊异乡,居无定所,“昏鸦”能够在“枯藤老树”上栖息,而自己还不如“昏鸦”,何处才是自己的归宿。译文三At dusk o'er old trees wreathed with withered vine fly crows中fly表现动态,译文二A wither'd vine still clings to the old tree,in which crows rest中rest表现静态,更忠实于原诗的审美意境。原诗中“昏鸦”的“昏”是指黄昏,明写天色的昏暗,暗写“断肠人”内心的阴郁忧愁。译文二The dusky sun is sinking down the west中dusky只传达了“昏”的字面义,译文三把时间状语at dusk放在全诗的起首,揭示了原诗的时间背景,与后文的Westward declines the sun/Far,far from home is the heartbroken one相呼应,生动地传达了原诗所渲染的情感氛围:日薄西山,天色昏黄,漂泊远方的游子满怀乡愁,内心无比凄凉。原诗巧妙运用了暗喻手法:游子漂泊异乡,风餐露宿,身心疲惫,如同在古道上艰难前行的“瘦马”。译文三On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes用动词goes比较抽象,译文二A lanky horse crawls along the ancient road,and th'west wind blows用crawls生动地再现了“瘦马”(游子)艰难跋涉的情景。