(1) Any excess of actual reserves above required reserves.

(2) China raised banks' required reserves on Sunday for the fourth time this year, extending the fight against excessive liquidity and stubbornly high inflation in the world's second-largest economy.

(3) Finally, itmust maintain legally required reserves, in the form of vault cash and/orbalances at its Federal Reserve Bank, equal to a prescribed percentage of itsdeposits.

(4) For example, the many increases in banks' required reserves imposed by the People's Bank of China are largely aimed at neutralising the hot money inflows that pump up domestic liquidity.

(5) In an attempt to unwind its massive stimulus unleashed during the global financial crisis, China has over the past nine months raised interest rates four times and banks' required reserves nine times.

(6) The Industrial Bank's Lu predicted another reserve requirement hike in March, with the figure for required reserves for big lenders reaching close to 23 percent sometime during this year.

(7) As of October 9, the Federal Reserve began paying interest on excess and required reserves.

(8) As one of the three major tools for monetary policy, required reserves policy is violent, time-delay and passive, etc in characteristics.

(9) Williams from Capital Economics said the central bank is likely to loosen credit controls by the end of the year, and may also cut the level of required reserves in the banking system.

(10) Mr. Williams from Capital Economics said the central bank is likely to loosen credit controls by the end of the year, and may also cut the level of required reserves in the banking system.

(11) Xia, a former vice governor of the central bank, also said that the country could afford to further raise required reserves.

(12) Fighting three-year high inflation, China has raised interest rates three times and upped banks' required reserves ratio six times this year, making it more expensive for buyers to boost stockpiles.

(13) The money it can lend and invest, at any moment, is its excess of cash and bank balances over required reserves and minimum cash requirements.

(14) In particular, they charge that the central bank's series of hikes to the level of required reserves for banks is choking off access to credit for smaller borrowers.

(15) They have raised interest rates twice in the past four months and raised banks' required reserves in a bid to control food and housing costs.