1. At what age should endoscopic screening be done?

2. Subsequent endoscopic management can be successful in most cases.

3. Further study of endoscopic injection is needed.

4. The endoscopic aspect of the gastric lesions was clearly suggestive of malignancy in only half the patients.

5. The endoscopic concept of visible vessel includes several stages of the same lesion and even various types of lesions.

6. We have advocated initial endoscopic stenting for bile duct strictures after open cholecystectomy.

7. Mone of the patients fulfilled the clinical, endoscopic, and histopathological criteria for pouchitis.

8. Recent attention has focused on endoscopic injection with encouraging results.

9. Endoscopic stigmata of recent haemorrhage allow the identification of lesions with a high risk of rebleeding.

10. We have reported that endoscopic dilatation is an effective and safe short term treatment for corrosive oesophageal strictures.

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11. Endoscopic dilatation is safe and effective for short and long term relief of dysphagia in patients with corrosive oesophageal strictures.

12. Endoscopic removal should not be attempted as the risk of inadvertently puncturing a package is high.

13. Endoscopic sphincterotomy is now the primary treatment for bile duct stones in most clinical contexts, whether emergency or elective.

14. Endoscopic injection, however, is still the most convenient and cost effective means for the arrest of peptic ulcer haemorrhage.

15. Before the availability of endoscopic bile duct intervention surgical treatment was the usual approach to management.

16. Our technique and results of endoscopic treatment of bile duct injury after open cholecystectomy have been described in detail elsewhere.

17. The diagnosis was made in 57 patients by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and in three by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography.

18. The incidence of pancreatitis after endoscopic biopsy of the papilla is unknown.

19. Endoscopic gastric antral biopsy specimens were also obtained for urease activity, culture, and histology.

20. Results Table I gives a summary of the results for endoscopic and symptomatic success.

21. In conclusion oesophageal transection and gastric devascularisation appears to confer no benefit over endoscopic sclerotherapy in terms of long term survival after variceal haemorrhage.

22. Several case reports have suggested that oral cyclosporin is effective in inducing clinical and endoscopic remission.

23. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of heartburn and regurgitation among the different degrees of endoscopic oesophagitis.

24. In the remaining seven patients the diagnosis was made after colectomy and synchronous pouch formation despite preoperative endoscopic biopsies suggesting ulcerative colitis.

25. Diagnostic difficulties in those cases were related to confusing radiological and endoscopic appearances or failure to obtain histological confirmation of lymphoma.

26. Where a malignant cause for the stricture was suspected, this was excluded by endoscopic biopsies and cytological examination.

27. On the other hand patients presenting with very advanced disease were not included through compassionate avoidance of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

28. The current data are insufficient to establish the suitability of the heater probe compared with other types of endoscopic treatment.

29. When blood is spurting this technique is less successful, partly because the endoscopic view is obscured.

30. Six patients, all with malignant strictures, had bile samples taken at both endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography.

31. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed in 16 patients with successful removal of all calculi in seven.

32. In 10 patients receiving combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the endoscopic lesions resolved and biopsy specimens were negative.

33. A total of 1240 patients had an emergency endoscopic examination within 12 hours of arrival at the emergency department.

34. All endoscopic biopsy specimens and gastrectomy material were reviewed and classified according to the proposals of Isaacson etal.

35. The role of endoscopic stenting for postoperative biliary strictures is still debated.

36. The four degree score of Binder was used to classify clinical and endoscopic findings.

37. The diagnosis was based on established criteria including a typical endoscopic appearance supported by histological findings.

38. This way, the distances from the incisors were comparable with endoscopic findings.

39. All patients underwent an abdominal ultrasound examination before endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

40. A complete remission was defined as the resolution of clinical, radiological,[http:///endoscopic.html] and endoscopic evidence of disease.

41. In one centre, the use of mechanical lithotripsy increased the endoscopic clearance rate of duct stones from 86% to 94%.

42. The investigation started with an endoscopic examination up to the junction of the sigmoid descending colon.

43. Objective To review our experience with endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy.

44. Conclusions Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy is simple and safe, procedure.

45. To summarize the nursing experience of Rhino endoscopic surgery.

46. Objective To investigate the diagnosis and endoscopic surgery of clival chordoma with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (CSFR) as initial symptom.

47. Objective: To provide anatomy data for endoscopic transnasal ligature of the sphenopalatine artery.

48. Conclusions:Transnasal endoscopic surgical procedure for JNA is safe and reliable.

49. In the upper GI endoscopic view below, there are rounded, erythematous ulcerations of the lower esophagus.

50. Pericardial devascularization plus endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL) was applied in our hospital as a new union devascularization therapy for 66 cirrhotic portal hypertension patients since 1993.

51. Conclusion mEUS is quite a valuable means for the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal protrusive lesions; its role in endoscopic therapy is also of clinical significance.

52. Endoscopic examination is indicated in cases of reflux esophagitis or other complications.

53. The rendezvous technique, combining percutaneous and endoscopic procedures, is a safe and effective method to achieve biliary cannulation if an endoscopic approach fails.

54. To investigate the effect of treating non-invasive fungous sinusitis by functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) or radical maxillary antrotomy (RMA).

55. Conclusion Endoscopic biopsy and third ventriculostomy are effective neuroendoscopic procedures in minimally invasive preferential management of pineal region tumors.

56. The endoscopic treatment on verrucose gastritis is a safe, effective and reliable method.

57. To evaluate the short-term effect and safety of endoscopic pyloromyotomy for congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis(CHPS).

58. Endoscopic views of an ulcerated mid - esophageal squamous cell carcinoma causing lumenal stenosis are seen.

59. Methods Endoscopic observation and mucosal biopsies graft through the terminal ileum enterostomy were carried out.

60. Endoscopic ultrasound has dramatically extended the reach lumen and into adjacent organs and the mediastinum.

61. Methods Endoscopic observation and mucosal biopsies of the graft through the terminal ileum enterostomy were carried out.

62. Objective: To assess the experience of endoscopic treatment of ureterocele in children.

63. Objective The clinical value of endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST) and papillary balloon dilatation(EPBD) in treating choledocholithiasis was studied.

64. The plane of the lateral pterygoid muscle is the lateral boundary line of the endoscopic transnasal transantral approach.

65. To adopt nasal endoscopic combined supporting laryngoscope to operate under monitor in 168 cases.

66. Method: Thirty - two patients with pituitary tumour were treated with endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery.

67. Conclusion: The key for transnasal endoscopic surgery is resection of the anatomical variation of ostiomeatal complex but not enlargement of the ostium maxillary.

68. Objective:To investigate the perioperative nursing intervention of the nasal poly endoscopic surgery for chronic sinusitis or rhinopolypus.

69. Objective To investigate the technique of dealing with the fistulous opening after the nasal endoscopic (fenestration drainage) dacryocystorhinostomy.

70. Although transnasal endoscopic medial maxillectomy (TEMM) is effective for the treatment of inverted papilloma (IP) in maxillary sinus (MS), it involves resection of the inferior turbinate (IT).

71. Conclusion: Removal of maxillary sinus cyst by endoscopic sinus surgery in intranasal antrostomy is a convenient and effective operation.

72. Objective:To investigate the efficacy of endoscopic naso-biliary drainage in the management of elderly patients with acute obstructive purulent cholangitis.

73. Gastric carcinoid tumors are rare tumors in gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopic polypectomy and surgical excision are the major strategy for treatment.

74. To study of endoscopic sphincterotomy ( EST ) in patients with stricture of common bile duct post cholecystectomy.

75. Conclusion:These data on the olfactory fovea would benefit reduce the complication of endoscopic sinus surgery and anterior basicranial surgery.

76. The available therapies for GVB and the efficacy and safety of endoscopic tissue glue obturation are also discussed.

77. Objective To study the endoscopic surgery for bleeding polyp in sinus maxillaris.

78. Researched on the software system design of UV endoscopic system.

79. Conclusion Endoscopic forehead and temple lifting is superior than traditional rhytidoplasty and can be used widely.

80. Objective:To evaluate the effect of hypotensive anesthesia in endoscopic nasal sinus surgery(FESS)for patients with recurrent nasal polyps.

81. Through reviewing pertinent literature, we discussed the therapeutic advancement of glossopharyngeal neuralgia and the preponderance of transcranial endoscopic approach of glossopharyngeal neurotomy.

82. Objective: To assess the safety and curative effect of endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and papillary balloon dilatation (EPBD) for choledocholithiasis.

83. There have been numerous reports of glue embolization after endoscopic cyanoacrylate (CYA) glue treatment of gastric fundal varices (GFV), with some cases fatal.

84. METHODS Endoscopic thyroidectomy via suprasternal approach was performed in 35 patients with ultrasonic scalpel.

85. Objective To explore the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic surgery for sphenethmoid mucoceles damagingcranium and orbit.

86. As a manufacturer of professional endoscopic products of China, Shanghai Aohua Photoelectricity Endoscope Co.

87. OBJECTIVE To discuss the method, efficacy and safety of endoscopic frontal sinus surgery in the route anterior to ethmoidal bulla .

88. ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) in primary closure following choledochostomy in patients with choledocholith.

89. We randomly assigned patients to undergo endoscopic trans ampullary drainage of the pancreatic duct or operative pancreaticojejunostomy.

90. Transurethral endoscopic incisions or unroofing of ureteroceles was used in all cases, and mechanical lithotrity were carried out for 5 cases who had calculi inside ureterocele.

91. Fortunately, the contemporary clinical gastroenterologist is "armed" with several complementary imaging and endoscopic techniques to detect PBD with high resolution.

92. Objective:To study the nursing method of endoscopic surgery for nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.

93. Endoscopic indirect lymphography may have great use in the diagnosis of lymphatic involvement in tumor of GI tract.

94. The doctor will do endoscopic examination and esophageal variceal ligation treatment soon.

95. Background To assess the safety and feasibility of hybrid transgastric endoscopic and laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a survival porcine model.

96. Examples of endoscopic instruments that require sterilization are biopsy forceps and papillotomes.

97. Objective To resect colorectal flat sessile polyps by endoscopic polypectomy safely and effectively.

98. This study reports our first year's experience of endoscopic sphincterotomy for common bile duct stones.

99. In our case of sphenoid pneumocele with associated CSF fistula, the sphenoid sinus was packed with subcutaneous abdominal fat using transnasal endoscopic technique.

100. Objective:To evaluate the effect of endoscopic resection of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.

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101. Objective The application of endoscopic techniques in early judgment of the quality of nerve coaptation was introduced.

102. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examination revealed a polypoid mass moving to and fro between the stomach and the duodenum.

103. Objective : To investigate the possibility of endoscopic sinus surgery causing vasomotor rhinitis.

104. Conclusion Endoscopic management for chronic pancreatitis is relatively effective and secure.

105. Objective To find out the influence of volume of bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery Ethylenediamine diaceturate.

106. Objective To investigate the clinical effects of endoscopic forehead and temple lifting.

107. Methods In the endoscopic application of autologous transplantation to cure temporal muscle in 48 cases (52 ears) perforated eardrum, do a good job through careful preoperative and postoperative care.

108. Objective To evaluate the modified operative method and short term results of transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) treatment for rectal benign and malignant neoplasm.

109. Objective:To provide morphologic data for endoscopic transnasal surgery in the pterygopalatine fossa by measuring the bony landmarks and dissecting corpses.

110. Objective To discuss the operative treatment of method of chronic nasosinusitis and nasal polyp by Functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

111. Pathological examination after endoscopic polypectomy demonstrated mature adipose tissue in the submucosa, consistent with a diagnosis of duodenal lipoma.

112. Objective:To explore the value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in diagnosis of cholangio pancreatopathy.

113. Conclusion The nasal endoscopic sphenoidal technique for optic decompression have advantages of simple arid minitraumatic approach, that is one of favorable of optic canal decompression.

114. Combination of medical treatment and endoscopic hemostasis may be useful.

115. Endoscopic gastroplasty has been performed in 7 patients with sliding hiatus hernia.

116. Objective To study the clinical efficacy of subfascial endoscopic perforater vein surgery(SEPS) in treating chronic venous ulceration of lower extremities.

117. For improving the curative effect, ethmoid nerve cauterization and nasal septum correction or the partial cut of the infraturbinal can be performed during the endoscopic operation.

118. The endoscopic appearance of a similar acute peptic ulcer in the prepyloric region is seen below.

119. Objective: To explore and introduce the method of endoscopic abdominoplasty.

120. Objective TO evaluate the clinical effect of treatment of choanal atresia after radiotherapy in the patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma by transnasal endoscopic surgery.

121. Objective:To summarize nursing experiences and therapeutic effects of ulcerative nonspraying haemorrhage by endoscopic biogel spraying.

122. Acute pancreatitis, hemorrhage , perforation, and cholangitis are common and dangerous near term complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy.

123. Objective:To provide anatomy data for embolization at third portion of internal maxillary artery and endoscopic surgery approach to pterygopalatine fossa.

124. As a manufacturer of professional endoscopic products of China, Xuzhou Aohua Photoelectricity Endoscope Co.

125. Objective To discuss the clinical value of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy ( PEG ).

126. The clinical data of endoscopic surgery of old people were in summary.

127. Objective To evaluate the value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)and endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) in diagnosis and management of post-cholecystectomy syndrome (PCS).

128. Objective To observe the effect of revision endoscopic sinus surgery for caseous sinusitis and caseous rhinitis.

129. Objective To promote the development of endoscopic frontal sinus surgery and nasolacrimal anastomosis surgery by studying the agger cells and their adjacent structures.

130. Objective To explore the palliative effect of endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage(ERBD) on irresectable biliary obstruction caused by malignant neoplasm.

131. Endoscopic incision of the ureterocele was chosen as a temporary internal diversion for this case.

132. Objective To discuss transnasal endoscopic resection of maxillary sinus cyst through three different paths.

133. Objective To evaluate the clinical use of the Swisslithoclast pneumatic lithotriptor in the endoscopic management of urinary calculi.

134. To investigate the approach and experience of endoscopic surgery in sphenoid sinus occupying lesions associated with a deviated septum.

135. Objective To provide sectional anatomy mutuality parameter for maxillary sinus endoscopic fenestration.

136. Conclusion Endoscopic transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy is an effective way to treat the chronic dacryocystitis.

137. CONCLUSION: Based on data from multiple Canadian centers,[http:///endoscopic.html] age seems to be the primary determinant of outcome in endoscopic third ventriculostomy in pediatric patients.

138. Objective To study the application and effect of endoscopic sinus surgery(ESS) in operations of nasal cavity, nasal sinus and pituitary neoplasms.

139. Objective: To observe the clinical effects of endoscopic great saphenous vein harvesting in coronary artery bypass.

140. Conclusions Endoscopic transcanal myringoplasty gives advantages of simple performance, minimal invasion, quick recovery, and excellent curative effects.

141. Objective: To discuss the method of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy to set up the way of enteral nutrition.

142. Conclusions:Endoscopic electrocoagulation to stop bleeding is a simple, painless, eutherapeutic method, and worthy to be popularized.

143. We examined clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic data from 29 patients with isolated ileitis and no prior history of inflammatory bowel disease(), and no colonic or upper gastrointestinal involvement.

144. Objective:To provide anatomic data for management of pterygopalatine fossa lesions via endoscopic transnasal approach.

145. Methods The endoscopic frontal sinusotomy was performed in 112 patients(204 sides) with chronic frontal sinusitis.

146. Objective: Discussion of the clinical value percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy ( PEG ).

147. Methods To puncture from inferior nasal meatus and canine fossa with a nasal endoscopic needle, then, to cut away the pathological tissue of maxillary sinus under the endoscopic observation.

148. Operative treatment especially the nasal endoscopic adenoidectomy and microwave treatment is a safe and effective method.

149. Objective: To evaluate the results of mending the perforation of eardrum with biologic protein sponge under auris endoscopic.

150. Conclusion:Safe scope could be acquired in endoscopic transnasal surgery in pterygopalatine fossa and foramen rotundum could be thought as an important landmark.

151. Gush door: dentate line is clear, expansion, endoscopic through smoothly.

152. Gastroscopy and biopsy are generally safe when performed by surgeons who have had special training and are experienced in these endoscopic procedures.

153. Objective To study the safe and effective method for endoscopic treatment of benign prostatic hyperpiesia(BPH) with bladder calculi.

154. Endoscopic stone extraction included movable stones that could be returned into common bile duct and irremovable stones that should be intubated and extracted aided by EST (endoscopic sphincterotomy).

155. Objective To evaluate the therapeutic result of endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for the treatment hyperhidrosis.

156. Objective To discuss therapeutic effect of nasal endoscopic Eustachian tube insufflation to treat chronic secretory otitis media(OMSC).

157. Concluaions Endoscopic papilla accessoria sphincteroplasty is effective for the combined narrow in papilla accessoria and the pancreas divi...

158. We conducted a randomized trial to compare endoscopic and surgical drainage of the pancreatic duct.

159. Another 64 - year - old male was referred for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography because of common bile duct dilatatin in sonography.

160. To investigate the efficacy of endoscopic probe dilatation for patients with esophagostenosis.

160. is a online sentence dictionary, on which you can find excellent sentences for a large number of words.

161. Objective To adapt relative management through analysis of nasal adhesion after naso- endoscopic operation.

162. Objective To assess the value of endoscopic otologic surgery for recurrent cholesteatoma.

163. Objective To recommend new equipments and technology related with endoscopic endonasal surgery.

164. Shortly after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedure , right - sided pneumothorax , subcutaneous, retroperitoneal, and mediastinal emphysema were noted.

165. Objective: To provide imaging anatomy basis of the posteriorsinus for endoscopic sinus surgery and basicranial surgery.

166. CONCLUSION Endoscopic sinusitis surgery performed on the sinusitis patients after radiotherapy is therapeutically effective and helpful in improving the patients' quality of life.

167. Conclusion: Some choanal polyp derive from concha nasalis media, endoscopic sinus surgery is a good method for treatment.

168. Objective: To study the possibility of reserving the main portion of polypoid middle turbinate in partial turbinectomy by endoscopic sinus surgery.

169. Objective To increase the postoperative curative effectiveness of nasal endoscopic surgical operation of the patients with nasosinusitis and rhinopolypus.

170. Methods Clinical data of 37 patients with sphenethmoid mucoceles that involved cranium and orbit impairment managed by endoscopic surgery were analyzed retrospectively.

171. Conclusion Endoscopic mucosa chromoscopy is effective in detecting LST. EMR or EPMR may be considered as a good treatment method for early colorectal cancer.

172. It differs from the published reports of subperiosteal endoscopic techniques in the plane of dissection, circumvention of a periosteal release, and suture fixation at the brow level.

173. Among 37 successful EMR 9 were Endoscopic Picemeal Mucosal Resection ( EPMR ).

174. Endoscopic surgery is valuable in treatment for benign disease of sphenoid sinus.

175. Endoscopic hemoclipping was applied and proton pump inhibitor was prescribed. The gastrocolic fistula healed ten days later. The patient remained well 24 months following initial diagnosis.

176. Objective To investigate the effect of psychological nursing care on endoscopic polypectomy of large intestine.

177. Based on our preliminary experience, we think that percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is a procedure worth promoting.

178. Objective To explore the highlight and flow-sheet of peri-operation care in curing childrens chronic sinusitis by endoscopic surgery.

179. Methods 326 cases of nasal septum deviation patients undergoing endoscopic nasal septal reconstruction were analyzed.

180. Objective:To observe postoperative analgesia and preemptive analgesia of Flurbiprofen Axetil Injection for nasal endoscopic operation.

181. Objective To evaluate the effect of intranasal endoscopic surgery for nose - eye correlated diseases.

182. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of needle-knife fistulotomy (NKF) for difficult cannulation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

183. Methods 96 patients with maxillary sinus diseases were treated by endoscopic and Caldwell Luc ? ? s approaches.

184. CONCLUSIONS: Balloon dilation of the frontal ostia has a posttreatment patency rate comparable to those of other endoscopic revision techniques.

185. Objective To evaluate the early clinical efficacy of subfascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery (SEPS) in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) of lower limbs.

186. Based on inchworm locomotion principle, a 3-DOF miniature endoscopic inspection squirming robot system is designed, which is driven by a pneumatic rubber actuator and clamped by two air chambers.

187. Objective To investigate the approach and experience of endoscopic surgery in sphenoid sinus occupying lesions associated with a deviated septum.

188. Method:From 1995 to 1998, 9 patients of mycosis sphenoiditis were treated with endoscopic sinus surgery.

189. This paper studies some key problems of the design of a human wireless endoscopic MEMS, such as the design of the power system, wireless transmission circuit, image capture and saving.

190. Conclusion:Endoscopic localization of the ethmoidal artery is of importance in ethmoidectomy.

191. Objective To investigate the efficacy of percutaneous endoscopic laser-assisted discectomy (PELD) on L5S1 herniated nucleus pulposus by posterior paramedian trans-interlaminar approach (PEILD).

192. Objective : To evaluate endoscopic ultrasonography ( EUS ) in the diagnosis of gallbladder adenomyomatosis.

193. Conclusion Endoscopic partial thyroidectomy has many advantages including no scar in the neck, skin sensation near normal and prompt recovery after operation.

194. At present, the main treatment is surgical, the pancreaticoduodenectomy is common for ampullary cancer treatment, some scholars proposed to local excision or endoscopic papillectomy.

195. Objective To evaluate the effect of nasal endoscopic surgery on the anastomotic occlusion after dacryocystorhinostomy.

196. Conclusion:Transcranical endoscopic approach of glossopharyngeal neurotomy is an ideal method to treat glossopharyngeal neuralgia.

197. To discuss the effect of endoscopic sinus surgery and intubation for frontal and ethmoidal sinus mucoceles.

198. Conclusion Transnasal endoscopic frontal Surgery for sphenoid sinus diseases is a sc we and nine operation.

199. The endoscopic approach to soft tissue tumor of the glabellar area appears to be a safe and simple method appreciated by patients and surgeons.

200. Inquiring into the interrelated factors of complications of functional endoscopic sinus surgery ( FESS ).

201. Methods:From 2003 to 2007,[http:///endoscopic.html]11 patients with nasopharyngeal angiofibroma were operated by endoscopic extraction in our hospital.

202. Objective:To discuss anatomic markers and locating way of pontocerebellar trigone in endoscopic surgery approaching through posterior labyrinth.

203. Conclusions The repeated surface anaesthesia with low-concentration Dicaine is safe and effective, and it is a better choice in endoscopic surgery for chronic nasosinusitis and nasal polyp.

204. Methods 58 patients with hyperhidrosis treated with endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy were reviewed retrospectively.

205. Conclusion FICE findings of colorectal lesions is helpful in differentiating colorectal neoplasms from non—neoplasms, which can guide decisions regarding diagnosis and endoscopic therapy.

206. Objective To investigate endoscopic treatment and prophylaxis of the massive hematocele in bladder after TVP.

207. Conclusion: Adenoma of stomach canceration rate is high. Endoscopic therapy is an ideal method.

208. This review focuses on the etiology, diagnosis, cannulation, and endoscopic management of benign biliary stricture.

209. Objective:To search for a safe approach for transsphenoidal endoscopic pituitary surgery, so as to avoid injury of intercavernous sinuses during the operation.