第一节
原作意境美的再现
文学作品中的各意象通过相互连接、呼应和映衬形成一个有机系统,它所表现的最高艺术境界就是意境。意境的构成要素是意象和情感,意境就是意象与意象、意象与情感相融合所产生的艺术境界和氛围,它包含了“有形与无形、有限与无限、实与虚、形与神、言与象、象与意、言与意”之间的辩证关系。文学翻译是译者把握和传达原作诗意的过程,是诗意的发现之旅和再创造之旅,包含了译者的诗性体验。于德英在《“隔”与“不隔”的循环:钱钟书“化境”论的再阐释》中认为文学翻译是诗意跨越时空之旅,译者的审美认识是一个阐释的循环过程,体现了象思维的特点,具有“物我交融的体验性”,是一种“体悟性的‘生命’哲学思维方式”。首先,译者“通过具体的语言和形象,体味原文的言外之意、象外之旨”,在此基础上,译者通过译语力求把原作画境、情境、意境忠实生动地再现出来,这是译者“通过与构成原文生命体的言、象、意展开阐释的循环,体验和感悟原文的审美格式塔,并在译入语中通过形象化的语言,再造审美格式塔,创生另一言、象、意紧密融合的文学文本—译文的过程”。译者要深刻把握原作虚实相生的意境表现手法,通过诗意化的语言传达原作的意蕴。于德英认为文学翻译是物我交融的体道过程,是“融‘我’于具体之实象,并进而拓展至无形之虚象的体悟过程”,是“取象尽言、象不尽意、境生象外这一由实渐虚的审美历程”。文学翻译的本质是诗意的再生,诗意“在本源上是动态的、差异的、虚实相生的,唯有通过往复循环的、物我交融的整体感悟和重构言、象、意的审美意境方能把握和创生‘诗意’”。宋朝诗人王安石怀有远大的政治抱负,曾担任朝廷宰相,推行新法变革,但遭失败,于是辞官回到金陵故里,《桂枝香·金陵怀古》是其登临吊古的杰作。下面是原词和许渊冲的译文:
登临送目,正故国晚秋,天气初萧。千里澄江似练,翠峰如簇。征帆去棹残阳里,背西风,酒旗斜矗。彩舟云淡,星河鹭起,画图难足。
念往昔,繁华竞逐,叹门外楼头,悲恨相续。千古凭高对此,漫嗟荣辱。六朝旧事随流水,但寒烟衰草凝绿。至今商女,时时犹唱,后庭遗曲。
I climb a height
And strain my sight
Of autumn late it is the coldest time;
The ancient capital looks sublime.
The limpid river,beltlike,flows a thousand miles;
Emerald peaks on peaks tower in piles.
In the declining sun sails come and go;
In the west wind wineshop flags flutter high and low.
The painted boat
In clouds afloat,
Like stars in Silver River egrets fly.
What a picture before the eye!
The days gone by
Saw people in opulence vie.
Alas!Shame came on shame under the walls,
In palace halls.
Leaning on rails,in vain I utter sighs
O'er ancient kingdoms' fall and rise.
The running water saw the Six Dynasties pass,
But I see only chilly mist and withered grass.
E'en now the songstresses still sing
The songs composed by captive king.
在一个深秋的傍晚诗人登高望远,金陵城的美景尽收眼底,然而诗人并没有为眼前的景色所陶醉,他抚今追昔,思绪万千。金陵是中国六朝古都,历来是繁华富贵之地,它见证了封建王朝的盛衰兴亡。历代统治者往往在国家兴盛之时就开始骄奢淫逸,纵情声色,不理国事,以至于朝政腐败,国力衰竭,最终落到国破家亡的下场,昔日繁华的金陵城变得破败荒凉。更让诗人担忧的是,当今统治者并没有以史为鉴,依旧沉迷酒色,荒淫无度。诗人以政治家深邃的历史眼光和敏锐的洞察力,借古讽今,劝告当今统治者不要重蹈前人的覆辙。历史无情,诗人不幸言中,北宋被金人所灭,山河沦落,国破家亡。原词上阙,“登临送目”浅层义是写诗人登楼远眺,深层义则是指诗人站在历史的高度,洞察社会,剖析人生。许译I climb a height/And strain my sight中height与sight押韵,strain与sight形成头韵,富于音美。height既指高楼,又暗喻诗人在洞察社会和历史上的思想高度。sight既指诗人登楼远眺时的视野,又暗指诗人深邃的历史眼光,富于意美。The ancient capital looks sublime中sublime表现了金陵城晚秋景色的壮丽。The limpid river,beltlike,flows a thousand miles/Emerald peaks on peaks tower in piles中limpid、beltlike、emerald再现了金陵城秀山丽水的景色,peaks on peaks描绘了金陵城重峦叠嶂的景象。Like stars in Silver River egrets fly没有将“星河”译为通常的Milky Way,而是灵活地处理为Silver River,这样silver具有鲜明的视觉美,又与river押韵,与stars形成头韵,富于音美。What a picture before the eye!用感叹句式,语气强烈,可谓“江山如此多娇,令无数英雄竞折腰”。
原词下阕描写封建王朝的盛衰兴亡,诗人感叹社会和历史的沧桑变化。许译The days gone by/Saw people in opulence vie,The running water saw the Six Dynasties pass采用了英语特有的something see的结构,用无生命的days gone by(岁月)、running water(流水)作主语,传达了原词厚重的历史感。Alas!Shame came on shame under the walls用感叹词alas,语气强烈,shame on shame通过shame的叠用强调历代统治者腐化堕落,导致国破家亡,蒙受耻辱。The running water saw the Six Dynasties pass/But I see only chilly mist and withered grass.通过动词saw与see在时态上的变化传达了诗人对人世沧桑、岁月无情的深刻体验和感受。当今统治者没有以史为鉴,依旧沉迷酒色,荒淫无度,让诗人感到忧心忡忡,许译E'en now the songstresses still sing/The songs composed by captive king中songstresses/still、sing/songs、composed/captive形成头韵,清辅音[s]传达了原诗忧郁伤感的情感氛围,富于音美和意美。
辛弃疾是宋词豪放派卓越代表,与苏轼齐名,并称“苏辛”。辛词以豪迈铿锵、荡气回肠为主要特点,但又表现出细腻蕴藉的浪漫主义词风,葛晓音在《唐诗宋词十五讲》中认为辛词“既有豪迈奔放的气势,又有缠绵细致的感情,有明媚清新的意境,诙谐幽默的趣味,更有自然闲淡的神韵”。辛词“继承离骚‘香草美人’的比兴传统,结合婉约派的表现特点,运用和发展了比兴手法”。下面是《青玉案》和许渊冲的译文:
东风夜放花千树。更吹落,星如雨。宝马雕车香满路。凤箫声动,玉壶光转,一夜鱼龙舞。
蛾儿雪柳黄金缕,笑语盈盈暗香去。众里寻她千百度,蓦然回首,那人却在灯火阑珊处。
One night's east wind adorns a thousand trees with flowers
And blows down stars in showers.
Fine steeds and carved cabs spread fragrance en route;
Music vibrates from the flute;
The moon sheds its full light
While fish and dragon lanterns dance all night.
In gold-thread dress,with moth or willow ornaments,
Giggling,she melts into the throng with trails of scents.
But in the crowd once and again
I look for her in vain.
When all at once I turn my head,
I find her there where lantern light is dimly shed.
原词上阕描写元宵节之夜人们通宵达旦赏灯游玩的热闹场面。万盏明灯璀璨夺目,千花盛开,繁星点点,蔚为壮观。达官贵妇们坐着豪华的马车,她们的身上香气四溢。明月朗照,丝弦声声,人们尽情观赏龙灯飞舞。下阕,“蛾儿雪柳黄金缕,笑语盈盈暗香去”与上阕的“宝马雕车香满路”相照应,描写达官贵妇们珠光宝气,光彩照人。诗人追寻“美人”,迟迟不见其身影,他千寻百觅,不经意地一回头,发现她在灯火阑珊处,悄然独立,不为人所注意,她超凡脱俗,不随波逐流。近代学者王国维在《人间词话》中将“众里寻她千百度/蓦然回首/那人却在/灯火阑珊处”描写为人生的最高境界。原词中节日的欢庆场面(花千树、宝马雕车、凤箫、鱼龙舞)和珠光宝气的贵妇(蛾儿雪柳黄金缕)是显境,诗人所追寻的理想中的“美人”则是隐境:诗人通过描写一个“耐得冷落、自甘寂寞,而又略有迟暮之感的美人,写出了自己不屑于随同众人趋附竞进、自甘淡泊的高洁品格”。
许译上阕生动地再现了元宵灯节热闹的欢庆场面,in showers与a thousand trees with flowers相呼应,再现了原词所描绘的繁花盛开、星光灿烂的壮观景象,fine steeds、carved cabs、fish and dragon lanterns dance再现了达官贵妇们盛装出行的豪华场面和龙灯欢舞的喜庆场面。下阕,原词“笑语盈盈暗香去”描写的是花枝招展、招摇过市的贵妇们,许译Giggling,she melts into the throng with trails of scents/But in the crowd once and again意思是诗人所追寻的“她”融入人流中去看热闹,理解有误。I find her there where lantern light is dimly shed中dimly再现了“灯火阑珊”的景象,与上阕The moon sheds its full light形成强烈对比。下面是辛词《摸鱼儿》和许渊冲的译文:
更能消几番风雨?匆匆春又归去。惜春长怕花开早,何况落红无数!春且住!见说道,天涯芳草无归路。怨春不语。算只有殷勤,画檐蛛网,尽日惹飞絮。
长门事,准拟佳期又误。蛾眉曾有人妒。千金纵买相如赋,脉脉此情谁述?君莫舞!君不见,玉环飞燕皆尘土?闲愁最苦。休去倚危栏!斜阳正在烟柳断肠处。
How much more can Spring bear of wind and rain?
Too hastily 'twill leave again.
Lovers of Spring would fear to see the flowers red
Budding too soon and fallen petals too widespread.
O Spring,please stay!
I have heard it said that sweet grass far away
Would stop you from seeing your returning way.
But I have not heard
Spring say a word;
Only the busy spiders weave
Webs all day by the painted eave,
To keep the willow down from taking leave.
Could a disfavored consort again to favor rise?
Could Beauty not be envied by green eyes?
Even if favor could be bought back again,
To whom of this unanswered love can she complain?
Do not dance,then!
Have you not seen
Both plump and slender beauties turn to dust?
Bitterest grief is just
That you can't do
What you want to.
Oh,do not lean
On overhanging rails where the setting sun sees
Heartbroken willow trees!
辛弃疾满腹经纶,文武双全,一生胸怀报国之志,但南宋朝廷腐败无能,奸臣当道,诗人屡遭排挤,难以施展报国之才,内心十分苦闷。原词抒发了诗人蹉跎岁月、报国无门的痛苦心情。原词上阕描写晚春时节细雨纷纷,落花飘零,诗人触景伤情,感叹岁月无情。“画檐蛛网”暗喻诗人,《宋词鉴赏词典》评论说,诗人“以蜘蛛自比,蜘蛛是微小的动物,它为了要挽留春光,施展出全部力量”,表露了“为国家殷勤织网的一颗耿耿忠心”。“风雨”、“落红”、“芳草”等意象和“春”的叠用,渲染了伤春悲时的氛围。下阕写诗人感叹自己报国无门,壮志难酬。“长门事”、“相如赋”涉及一个典故:汉武帝陈皇后被君王冷落,她出重金请当时的着名文人司马相如写了一篇《长门赋》,希望能重新获得皇帝的欢心。“蛾眉曾有人妒”暗喻诗人才华出众,却遭奸臣嫉妒陷害。“玉环飞燕皆尘土”中“玉环飞燕”分别指唐朝的杨贵妃和汉成帝的皇后赵飞燕,暗喻那些奸佞小人终将被历史所唾弃。作品结尾,“危栏”、“斜阳”、“烟柳”等意象渲染了惆怅失落的氛围。
许译上阕用大写的Spring暗示了原词中“春”的特殊含义。How much more can Spring bear of wind and rain?保留了原词的疑问句式,Too hastily 'twill leave again与第四行的Budding too soon and fallen petals too widespread共用了三个too,传达了诗人悲春惜春的深刻感受。O Spring,please stay!保留了原词的祈使句式,语气强烈。I have heard it said that sweet grass far away与下文的But I have not heard/Spring say a word形成对比,传达了原词所蕴含的“泪眼问花花不语”的意境。下阕Could a disfavored consort again to favor rise?/Could Beauty not be envied by green eyes?用两个问句传达了诗人对自己遭受嫉妒和排挤、报国无门的悲愤心情,disfavored与favor形成对比,表达了诗人渴望被朝廷重新赏识重用的强烈愿望。To whom of this unanswered love can she complain?/Do not dance,then!/Have you not seen/Both plump and slender beauties turn to dust?保留了原词的疑问句、祈使句和反问句式,传达了诗人内心的苦闷和彷徨。Bitterest grief is just/That you can't do/What you want to准确地传达了原词“闲愁最苦”的含义,just语气强烈,传达了诗人内心的失望和无助。overhanging rails、setting sun、heartbroken willow trees再现了原词的意象,heartbroken既修饰willow trees,又传达了诗人内心的悲苦。下面是宋朝诗人秦观的《满庭芳》和许渊冲的译文:
山抹微云,天连衰草,画角声断谯门。暂停征棹,聊共饮离尊。多少蓬莱旧事,空回首,烟霭纷纷。斜阳外,寒鸦万点,流水绕孤村。
销魂,当此际,香囊暗解,罗带轻分。谩赢得青楼薄幸名存。此去何时见也,襟袖上,空惹啼痕。伤情处,高城望断,灯火已黄昏。
A belt of clouds girds mountains high
And withered grass spreads to the sky,
The painted horn at the watchtower blows.
Before my boat sails up,
Let's drink a farewell cup.
How many things do I recall in bygone days
All lost in mist and haze!
Beyond the setting sun I see but dots of crows
And that around a lonely village water flows.
I'd call to mind the soulconsuming hour
When I took off your perfume purse unseen
And loosened your silk girdle in your bower.
All this has merely won me in the Mansion Green
The name of fickle lover.
Now I'm a rover,
Oh,when can I see you again?
My tears are shed in vain;
In vain they wet my sleeves.
It grieves
My heart to find your bower out of sight;
It's lost in dusk in city light.
秦观是苏轼的弟子、宋词婉约派的代表,葛晓音在《唐诗宋词十五讲》中认为秦观词“清丽婉约,情韵兼胜,但偏于柔美纤细”,诗人善于“创造凄婉动人的意境,用辞情声调微妙地表达出抒情主人公细腻的感受”。原词上阕通过“山”、“微云”、“天”、“衰草”、“画角声”、“谯门”、“征棹”、“烟霭”、“斜阳”、“寒鸦”、“流水”、“孤城”等意象描写了一幅朦胧迷离的黄昏景象,渲染了一种黯然悲愁的氛围:主人公与情人饯别,难舍难分,内心无比伤感惆怅。作品用“抹”、“粘”两个动词“表现轻浮在山上的一层薄云和远天逐渐衔接的枯草,赋予微云衰草无力地依偎着天边远山的主观感受,也就烘托出离人此时犹如抹在心头的粘连不舍的离情。往事如雾的渺茫回忆和满目烟水迷茫、暮霭纷纷的景象融成一片”。
许译a belt of clouds、mountains high、withered grass、sky、painted horn、watchtower、boat、mist、haze、setting sun、dots of crows、lonely village water再现了原词所描绘的意象。名词belt和动词gird形象生动,既描写薄云漂浮,像衣带围住群山,又暗喻主人公与情人依依不舍。How many things do I recall in bygone days用感叹句式,语气强烈,表达了主人公对往事不堪回首的深刻感受。All lost in mist and haze!再现了原词描绘的烟水迷茫、暮霭朦胧的景象。Beyond the setting sun I see but dots of crows中介词beyond传达了原词景物的空间感。原词下阕写主人公回想起昔日与情人恩爱甜蜜,而此时他即将远离情人,浪迹天涯,内心无比凄苦悲伤。许译I'd call to mind the soul-consuming hour中soul-consuming准确地传达了“销魂”的含义。Oh,when can I see you again?保留了原词的问句形式,表达了主人公内心的困惑和迷惘。My tears are shed in vain/In vain they wet my sleeves采用in vain的顶针手法,强调了主人公内心的悲楚和忧伤。It grieves/My heart to find your bower out of sight/It's lost in dusk at city light中out of sight、lost in dusk与上阕的All lost in mist and haze!相呼应,再现了原词描写的朦胧迷离的意境和哀婉凄迷的氛围。下面是宋朝诗人晏殊的《蝶恋花》和许渊冲的译文:
槛菊愁烟兰泣露,罗幕轻寒,燕子双飞去。明月不谙离恨苦,斜光到晓穿朱户。
昨夜西风凋碧树,独上高楼,望断天涯路。欲寄彩笺兼尺素,山长水阔知何处?
Orchids shed tears with doleful asters in mist grey.
How can they stand the cold silk curtains can't allay?
A pair of swallows flies away.
The moon,which knows not the parting grief,sheds slanting light
Through crimson windows all the night.
Last night the western breeze
Blew withered leaves off trees.
I mount the tower high
And strain my longing eye.
I'll send a message to my dear,
But endless ranges and streams sever us far and near.
原词上阕描写了一幅深秋时节凄清寂寥的景象,作品采用拟人手法,通过菊、兰的悲戚暗喻妇人的凄楚。《宋词鉴赏辞典》中说:“菊花笼罩着一层轻烟薄雾,看上去似乎在脉脉含愁;兰花上沾有露珠,看起来又像在默默泣饮。”燕子成双入对,与思妇的形影相吊形成强烈对比。明月朗照,更让妇人思念远方的爱人,内心更加悲苦惆怅。下阕,“昨夜西风凋碧树/独上高楼/望断天涯路”写思妇登楼远跳,望眼欲穿,但其境界阔大,超越了一般诗词描写儿女情长时伤感沉郁的俗套。《宋词鉴赏辞典》评论说,原词“固然有凭高望远的苍茫之感,也有不见所思的空虚怅惘,但这空阔、毫无窒碍的境界却又给主人公一种精神上的满足,使其从狭小的帘幕庭院的忧伤愁闷转向对广远境界的骋望”。山水迢远,情书难寄,妇人内心感到惆怅绝望,“山长水阔”与“望断天涯路”相呼应,意境旷远。
许译上阕,Orchids shed tears with doleful asters in mist grey中shed tears、doleful保留了原词的拟人手法,传达了原诗凄凉悲苦的氛围。How can they stand the cold silk curtains can't allay?用反问句,语气强烈,传达了“罗幕轻寒”的内在意蕴,作品明写主人公身体之冷,暗喻其内心之冷。sheds slanting light与上文的shed tears相呼应,sheds、slanting押头韵,具有音美和意美。Through crimson windows all the night中all the night暗示思妇辗转反侧,彻夜未眠。下阕,last night紧接上阕的all the night,前后连贯,strain my longing eye描写了思妇的望眼欲穿。But endless ranges and streams sever us far and near中endless、far and near表现了思妇与爱人天各一方,相互思念,再现了原词空旷辽远的意境。宋朝诗人李清照才华出众,但一生命运坎坷。她与丈夫、南宋学者赵明诚志同道合,感情深厚,但后来赵明诚不幸病逝,剩下诗人孑然一身,孤苦无助,《声声慢》表达了其对亡夫的深深怀念。下面是原词和许渊冲的译文:
寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候,最难将息。三杯两盏淡酒,怎敌它晚来风急!雁过也,正伤心,却是旧时相识。
满地黄花堆积,憔悴损,而今有谁?摘?守着窗儿,独自怎生得黑!梧桐更兼细雨,到黄昏点点滴滴。这次第,怎一个愁字了得!
I look for what I miss;
I know not what it is.
I feel so sad,so drear
So lonely,without cheer.
How is it
To keep me fit
In this lingering cold!
Hardly warmed up
By cup on cup,
Of wine so dry,
Oh,how could I
Endure at dusk the drift
Of wind so swift?
It breaks my heart,alas,
To see the wild geese pass
For they are my acquaintances of old.
The ground is covered with yellow flowers,
Faded and fallen in showers.
Who will pick them up now?
Sitting alone at the window,how
Could I but quicken
The pace of darkness that won't thicken?
Upon the plane-trees a fine rain drizzles
As twilight grizzles.
Oh,what can I do with a grief
Beyond belief?
原词首句“寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚”,匠心独运,连用五组叠字表达了诗人内心的无比凄苦和悲凉,音美与意美相融,极富于感染力,被誉为词家绝唱。诗人与丈夫情投意合,恩爱甜蜜,丈夫的去世使其遭受了沉重的精神打击。后来金兵入侵中原,诗人流离失所,四处漂泊,生活困顿,终日郁郁寡欢,内心无比孤苦和惆怅。她经历了国破家亡的打击和磨难,如今孑然一身,形影相吊。时值深秋,花木凋零,菊花飘落满地。诗人当年意气风发,光彩照人,而今却已是形容憔悴,两鬓染霜,如同这枯萎凋落的黄叶。她“寻寻觅觅”,追忆与亡夫曾一起度过的美好时光,内心无比失落空虚,更觉“冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚”。诗人将自己暗喻为枯萎凋零的黄花(菊花),人与花物我化一。许译what I miss与what it is形成对仗,具有形美,miss、is中的元音[i]与“觅”的韵母[i]读音相近,miss、so、sad中的清辅音[s]传达了原词哀婉凄凉的氛围,富于音美和意美。I feel so sad,so drear/So lonely,without cheer连用三个so,语气强烈,传达了诗人内心无尽的凄苦和悲伤,与下文的so dry、so swift相呼应,读来令人动容。
深秋的黄昏,诗人借酒浇愁。晚风吹来,让她感到阵阵寒意。看着大雁双双飞过,诗人想起了亡夫,曾几何时夫妻俩朝夕相伴,形影不离。而如今丈夫亡故,抛下自己孤零零一人,形影相吊。黄花凋落,洒满一地,让诗人想到了自己消瘦憔悴的面容。她坐在窗边,盼望着夜幕降临,窗外细雨打在梧桐树叶上,淅淅沥沥下个不停,诗人的愁绪就像这秋雨一样绵延无尽。许译How is it/To keep me fit/In this lingering cold!保留原词的疑问句式,lingering cold明写深秋之冷,暗指诗人内心无法排遣的悲凉。Hardly warmed up/cup on cup表达了诗人借酒浇愁愁更愁的感受。Oh,how could I/Endure at dusk the drift/Of wind so swift?保留了原词的疑问句式,传达了诗人内心的孤苦凄凉。faded and fallen形成头韵,富于音美和意美:黄花凋零,诗人也消瘦憔悴。Who will pick them up now?/Sitting alone at the window,how/Could I but quicken/The pace of darkness that won't thicken?保留了原词的问句形式,传达了诗人内心的忧伤愁闷。drizzles、grizzles用元音[i],drizzles描写滴滴答答的细雨声,grizzle意思是turn grey,明写天色变暗,暗指诗人已两鬓斑白,富于音美和意美。Oh,what can I do with a grief/Beyond belief?保留了原词的疑问句式,语气强烈,传达了诗人内心的绝望。