1. Orders assigning him to the Simonova's mission were make-work, a temporary solution at best.

2. In some departments there is too much make-work.

3. I call this the make-work bias, a tendency to underestimate the economic benefits of conserving labor.

4. They have insisted on make-work rules to require more people or more time to perform a given task.

5. Otherwise, many infrastructure projects will end up resembling make-work, and house prices will fall.

6. It remains to be pointed out that government make-work is necessarily inefficient and of questionable utility.

7. One could go on to cite such make-work practices in many other fields.

8. Unemployment has been masked by job subsidies and make-work schemes, but it is likely to climb back above 4m next year.

9. Another 1.8 million people are in what amounts to make-work jobs.

10. Her style of government has turned out to be a marvellous make-work scheme for political scientists, contemporary historians and political commentators.

11. Unfortunately, when Graham left office Governor Martinez ignored the system, and it quickly degenerated into make-work.

12. Should we ask people to risk their lives for the sake of make-work?

13. Although much of that investment will no doubt boost China's competitiveness in the long run, billions have also flowed to make-work, vanity projects of dubious quality.

14. And yet, there is one context in which economists talk about job scarcity in the same terms as an ordinary layman guilty of make-work bias.

15. We need a narrative of episodes of severe unemployment that does not embody crude make-work bias but does not deny the existence of large amounts of involuntary unemployment.

16. Unemployment, which has been held down before the election by wage subsidies and make-work schemes, is sure to rise soon after the polling stations close.