1. Objeclive To study the hemodynamic and neurohormonal changes in patients with vasovagal syn- cope during the head-up tilt (HUT) table test the triggering mechanisms of syncope.

2. Prolonged overactivation of neurohormonal mechanisms in dilated cardiomyopathy is harmful to the cardiovascular system and leads to poor prognosis.

3. Cardiac neurohormonal markers like B-type natriuretic peptides(BNP) has been identified as a possible tool to identify and treat patients with CHF.

4. Background: Obstructive sleep apnea has a high prevalence and is characterized by acute nocturnal hemodynamic and neurohormonal abnormalities that may increase the risk of MI during the night.

5. It is now clear that continued stimulation of the neurohormonal system in heart failure (HF) has serious deleterious effects on the heart.

6. The results showed that amrinone could inhibit significantly the neurohormonal system which was activated when severe heart failure happened. and it had a good therapeutic effect for heart failure.

7. Medical therapy was optimized according to the clinical assessment to improve neurohormonal and hemodynamic profiles.

8. Secondary endpoints will include death from any cause, changes in left ventricular size and function, renal function, changes in neurohormonal levels and quality-of-life assessments.

9. The bariatric device stimulates receptors in order to influence a neurohormonal mechanism in the patient.