1. Pseudarthrosis is best assessed through the absence of motion detected between the spinous processes on dynamic radiographs (Class II).

2. None of the patients had infection, pseudarthrosis , or loss of correction during the follow-up visits.

3. The chief complaint in all patients with symptomatic pseudarthrosis was pain.

4. Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia is a rare disease and poses great challenge to both orthopedic and reconstructive surgeons.

5. Overdistraction of the anterior column may ultimately cause pseudarthrosis, chronic pain, or recurrent deformity.

6. Existence of pseudarthrosis on X-P (anteroposterior and lateral view) was investigated during the same follow-up period.

7. Objective To determine the expression level and distribution of type I or III collagen of congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia (CPT).

8. Conclusions Myofibroblast appeared to be one of the most important factors in the pathogenesis of congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia.

9. When internal or external fixation appliances are not used, which is rare now, strength is necessary in a graft used for bridging a defect in a long bone or een for the treatment of pseudarthrosis .

10. AIM To investigate the pathological changes and origin of congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia (CPT).

11. All grafts showed good contact to the adjoining vertebrae with no case of a pseudarthrosis .

12. The most common reasons for reoperation were infection, symptomatic implant, and pseudarthrosis .

13. When internal or external fixation appliances are not used, which is rare now, strength is necessary in a graft used for bridging a defect in a long bone or even for the treatment of pseudarthrosis .

14. Summary of Background Data. Different partial sternotomies with or without associated clavicular resection have been proposed but expose patients to the risk of pseudarthrosis .

15. The fusion rate was 82%, but no patient required revision surgery for symptomatic pseudarthrosis .

16. To evaluate curative effect of armor plate and xenogenic bony plate in congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia.

17. Summary of Background Data. Surgical options for PVO vary, as do their outcomes, and can be complicated by recurrence, pseudarthrosis, and death.

18. Summary of Background Data. Extension of an existing idiopathic scoliosis fusion to the sacrum for distal degeneration or sagittal imbalance has been associated with a high rate of pseudarthrosis.

19. In this initial series of 10 cases, 5 of 6 cases of delayed unions and 2 of 4 cases of established pseudarthrosis healed.

20. Myofibroblast appeared to be one of the most important factors in the pathogenesis of congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia.

21. Outcome of 4 patients demonstrates that treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia with armor plate and xenogenic bony plate is a reliable treatment.