1. All veins except the pulmonary vein carry unaerated blood.

2. Persistence of iatrogenic atrial septal defect after pulmonary vein isolation - an underestimated risk?

3. Should circumferential pulmonary vein ablation performed in all kinds of AF patients?

4. Methods 4 cases of congenital pulmonary vein stenosis were analyzed by the colour Doppler echocardiogram.

5. Except in the pulmonary vein venous blood is rich in carbon dioxide and poor in oxygen.

6. Should circumferential pulmonary vein ablation be performed in all kinds of AF patients?

7. In some patients, AF seems to be triggered by electrically active pulmonary vein foci. These foci can trigger the atria to fibrillate .

8. However , little is known about the mechanism of atrial pulmonary vein antrum as an interrupted target.

9. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations ( PAVMs ) consist a direct connection between the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein.

10. Arterial gas embolism is defined as the entrance of gas to the pulmonary vein or directly to the systemic artery.

11. One patient with TAPVD was performed reoperation because of pulmonary vein obstruction.

12. On the sections of 27 cadavers (61.4%)[http://], left pulmonary artery and anterior segmental artery which together like a fishhook drew left superior pulmonary vein.

13. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations ( PAVMs ) consist of a direct connection between the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein.

14. The size of the vulnerable window was largest for pulmonary vein foci, becoming markedly smaller for right atrial foci, especially those near the sinoatrial node.

15. Right upper-middle sleeve lobectomy combined with carinoplasty, right pulmonary artery angioplasty and right inferior pulmonary vein sleeve resection and reconstruction in 1 case.