1. The fuser (find user processes) command is another open source application that can help identify processes that are preventing you from unmounting file systems.

2. The fuser command's -k option automatically terminates processes that it detects are using a mountpoint that you specify as an argument.

3. You must, of course, execute the fuser command as root to be able to terminate processes that may be owned by other users, as shown in Listing 9.

4. For more generic information about the fuser command, see its online reference information.

5. This article focuses on using fuser with file system mountpoints.

6. Unfortunately, the default output of the fuser command isn't end-user friendly, even by Linux standards.

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7. The fuser command finds user processes that are associated with whatever files, directories, or file system mountpoints that you supply as command-line arguments.

8. The fuser command is a more cryptic but also more powerful command that can do much of your process termination work for you when run as the root user.

9. The fuser command is part of the PSmisc package, which also includes commands such as pstree and killall.

10. The fuser command requires that your system supports the /proc file system.

11. The fuser command even terminates them for you if you're in a hurry.

12. The fuser command provides a -v option that adds some output that is similar to the output of the standard ps command to the output of the fuser command, as shown in Listing 7.

13. The lsof and fuser commands make it easy to identify the processes that are preventing you from unmounting a file system.

14. The output of the fuser command simply identifies the PIDs of processes that are using the specified mountpoint.

15. See Resources for information about obtaining the source code for the fuser command.

16. The second command shows that you cannot directly query the underlying device by using the standard fuser options.

17. In this case, the second process (emacs) was a child of the first (the bash shell), and therefore terminated when the first was killed by the fuser command.