| 单词 | by |
| 释义 | by1 /baɪ/ ●●● S1 W1 preposition 1 XXwho/what does STH 由谁/什么做某事 used especially with a passive verb to say who or what does something or makes something happen 被，由〔尤与被动语态动词连用〕 I was attacked by a dog. 我被一条狗袭击。 a church designed by the famous architect, Sir Christopher Wren 著名建筑师克里斯托弗·雷恩爵士设计的一座教堂 We are all alarmed by the rise in violent crime. 我们都对暴力罪案的增加感到忧虑。 interference by the state in the affairs of the Church 国家对教会事务的干预 his appointment by the BBC as a producer 英国广播公司委任他为制片人2 WAY/METHODmeans/method 方式/方法 used to say what means or method someone uses to do something 通过，使用 You can reserve the tickets by phone. 你可以通过电话订票。 Send it by airmail. 用航空邮件把它寄走。 Some customers prefer to pay by cheque. 有些客户喜欢用支票支付。by car/train/bus/taxi etc They travelled to Chicago by train. 他们乘火车去芝加哥。by air/sea/land/road/rail etc All supplies are transported by air. 补给品全部空运。by doing something She earns her living by selling insurance. 她以推销保险为生。 He was taken from his home by force. 他被人从家里强行带走。3 XXroad/door 道路/门 used to say which road, entrance, door etc someone uses to get to a place 经由〔…路、入口、门等〕 They came in by the back door. 他们从后门进来。 It’s quicker to go by the country route. 走乡村小路更快。4 XXtaking hold 抓住 used to say which part of an object or of a person’s body someone takes hold of 抓着〔物体或身体的某个部位〕 He took Elaine by the arm and led her across the road. 他搀着伊莱恩的胳膊，领她过马路。 She grabbed the hammer by the handle. 她抓着锤子的柄。5 COME FROM/ORIGINATEwriter/composer etc 作家/作曲家等 used to give the name of someone who wrote a book, produced a film, wrote a piece of music etc 由…所作 the ‘New World symphony’ by Dvorak 德沃夏克所作的《新世界交响曲》 a short story by Charles Dickens 查尔斯·狄更斯写的一个短篇小说 Who’s it by? 这是谁的作品？6 NEXT TObeside 在旁边 beside or near something 靠近，在…旁边 She stood by the window. 她站在窗边。 Jane went and sat by Patrick. 简走过去坐在帕特里克身旁。7 NEXT TOpast 经过 past someone or something without stopping 经过 He walked right by me without even saying hello. 他径直从我身边走过，连招呼都不打。 I pass by the farm every day on my way to work. 我每天上班都要经过这个农场。8 BEFOREbefore 在…之前 before or not later than a particular time 在…之前，不迟于 The documents need to be ready by next Friday. 文件必须在下星期五之前准备好。 I reckon the film should be over by 9.30. 我估计电影9点半应该结束了。 By the end of the day we had sold over 2,000 tickets. 一天下来我们卖出了2,000多张票。 By the time we got home we were tired and hungry. 回到家的时候，我们已经又累又饿了。► see thesaurus at before9 DEPEND/IT DEPENDSaccording to 根据 according to a particular rule, method, or way of doing things 按照，依据 You’ve got to play by the rules. 你必须按规则比赛。 Profits were £6 million, but by our standards this is low. 利润有600万英镑，但按照我们的标准，这算是少的。10 XXchange/difference 变化/差异 used to say how great a change or difference is 〔用于表示变化或差异的程度〕 The price of oil fell by a further $2 a barrel. 每桶油价又下跌了两美元。 I was overcharged by £3. 我被多收了3英镑。 Godard’s first film was better by far (=by a large amount or degree). 戈达尔的第一部电影要好得多。11 SIZEmeasurements 尺寸 used to give the measurements of a room, container etc 乘〔用于表示房间、容器等的大小〕 a room 15 metres by 23 metres 一间15米宽23米长的房间12 XXquantity 数量 used to show what unit of measurement or quantity is involved in selling, paying for, producing etc something 按，以〔用于表示量度单位〕 Eggs are sold by the dozen. 鸡蛋按打出售。 We’re paid by the hour. 我们按小时计酬。 She wanted to tear his hair out by the handful. 她真想一把扯下他的头发。13 XXgradual change 逐渐的变化 used to say that something happens gradually 〔用于表示某事渐渐发生〕 Day by day, he grew weaker. 他一天比一天虚弱。 Little by little, I was beginning to discover the truth about Garfield. 渐渐地，我对加菲尔德的真实情况开始有所了解。 One by one, the men stepped forward. 那些人一个一个走上前来。14 XXquick change 迅速的变化 used to say that something or someone is quickly becoming worse, better etc 〔用于表示某事物或某人迅速地变坏、变好等〕 The financial crisis was growing more serious by the hour. 金融危机每时每刻都在加剧。15 DURINGlight 光线 used to say that something happens in a particular kind of light 借着〔某种光线〕 We walked through the palace gardens by moonlight. 我们借着月光穿过御花园。16 by day/night DURINGduring the day or the night 在日间/在夜间 a tour of Paris by night 夜游巴黎17 XXjob/nature etc 工作/性质等 used when you are giving information about someone’s character, job, origin etc 〔用于说明某人的性格、工作、出身等〕 George I and George II were Germans by birth. 乔治一世和乔治二世是德国血统。 Cautious by nature, Simpkin was reluctant to interfere. 辛普金天性谨慎，不愿意出面干预。 Robert Key was a teacher by profession. 罗伯特·基的职业是教师。18 VISITvisiting 拜访 in order to visit a person or place for a short time 在…停留 On the way, I stopped by the post office. 路上我顺便去了一下邮局。19 (all) by yourself a) ALONEcompletely alone 单独，独自一人 Dave spent Christmas all by himself. 戴夫一个人过圣诞节。 b) without help from anyone 独力地，一个人地 You can’t move the furniture all by yourself. 你一个人是搬不动家具的。20 COUNT/CALCULATEmultiplying/dividing 乘/除 used between two numbers when talking about multiplying or dividing 乘以；除以 What’s 48 divided by 4? 48除以4等于多少？21 XXemphasis 强调 used when expressing strong feelings or making serious promises 对…发誓〔表示强烈的情感或庄严的承诺〕 By God, I’ll kill that boy when I see him! 我对上帝发誓，我要是看见那小子，非杀了他不可！22 BABY/HAVE A BABYfather 父亲 if a woman has children by a particular man, that man is the children’s father 与〔某男子〕所生 She’s got two children by her previous husband. 她和前夫生有两个孩子。23 by the by spokenMENTION used when mentioning something that may be interesting but is not particularly important 顺便说一下 By the by, Ian said he might call round tonight. 顺便告诉你，伊恩说他也许今天晚上会过来。 → by the way at way1 USAGE: By, with• By is used, especially after passive verbs, to say who or what does something: by 尤用于被动语态动词之后，表示何人或何物做了某事 The article was written by a university professor. 这篇文章是一位大学教授写的。She was hit by a truck. 她被卡车撞了。• With is used after verbs that describe a state rather than an action: with 用于描述状态而不是行为的动词之后The books were covered with dust. 这些书上满是灰尘。Her house is always filled with music. 她家中总是充满了音乐声。 ✗Don't say: covered by dust | filled by music• By is used to say what means or method someone uses to do something: by 用于表示某人采用何种方式或方法来做某事He replied by email. 他用电子邮件回复了。• With is used to say what tool is used to do something: with 用于说明使用何种工具来做某事Clean the surface thoroughly with a wire brush. 用钢丝刷把表面彻底清洗一下。✗Don't say: by a wire brush Examples from the Corpusby• I was overcharged by $3.• I'll be home by 6.30, I promise.• By 9.00, most of the guests had arrived.• I'll be home by 9:30.• Jim was bitten by a dog.• Colette is French by birth.• Please try to have this done by Friday.• By God, we actually did it!• Ann has two children by her ex-husband.• I go by John's place on my way to work; I can pick him up.• By law, cars cannot pass a school bus while it is stopped.• It's fine by me if you want to go.• He walked by me without saying hello.• "Hamlet" was written by Shakespeare.• Doris came in by the back door.• I picked the pot up by the handle.• Most restaurant workers are paid by the hour.• Everyone is worried by the rise in violent crime.• I saw him standing by the window.• Profits were $6 million, but by their standards this is low.by doing something• Caroline earns extra money by babysitting.by far• In the tropics, for example, malaria is by far a bigger killer.• Worse by far, he thought Freud was talking about structures rather than processes.• Chain superstores are crowded, yet the fastest-growing sales sector by far is on the Internet.• Reading was by far my favorite activity as a child.• But the most dramatic by far of the failures of deregulation involved the savings and loans.• I felt that until Colin Cameron was sent off we were by far the better side.• Low turnout may benefit Buchanan, whose fervent backers are by far the most committed.• This final stretch, a 4,000-foot ascent over 13 winding miles, is by far the most daunting.• Half of the people were in California, by far the most populous and modern of the western states.by2 ●●● S1 W1 adverb 1 PASS/GO PASTpast someone or something 〔由旁边〕经过 As I was standing on the platform, the Liverpool train went whizzing by. 我站在月台上，开往利物浦的火车飞驰而过。 James walked by without even looking in my direction. 詹姆斯走了过去，甚至没有朝我这边看。2 used to say that time passes 〔时间〕过去 As the summer days slipped by, it was easy to forget about the war. 夏天悄悄过去，战争很快就被人遗忘了。 Ten years had gone by since I had last seen Marilyn. 我已经有十年没有见到玛丽莲了。3 NEXT TObeside or near someone or something 在旁边，在附近 A crowd of people were standing by, waiting for an announcement. 一群人站在旁边等待消息公布。4 visiting 拜访 VISITin order to visit a person or place for a short time 短暂访问 Why don’t you stop by for a drink after work? 下班后过来喝一杯怎么样？5 by and large used when making a general statement 大体上，一般地说，总的说来 By and large, the new arrangements have worked well. 总的来说，新的安排很好。6 by and by SOON old use soon 不久，很快 She will be better by and by. 她很快就会好起来的。Examples from the Corpusby• I lay on the grass and watched the clouds floating by.• As we talk, Dolph Lundgren waddles by.• Three hours went by before we heard any news.• The weedy water slid by between him and the shoals and ledges.• One or two cars went by, but nobody stopped.• As Ahab and the crew pass it by from day to day they ponder its meaning.• There are lots of spots close together around the city centre, then many more close by in a car.• One woman reported seeing a man go by on a motorcycle.• A high school couple walked by, talking ofJesus.by-, bye- /baɪ/ prefix XXless important 较不重要的 a by-product (=something made in addition to the main product) 副产品 a by-election (=one held between regular elections) 补缺选举Examples from the Corpusby-• a byproductOrigin by- by by1 Old English be, biby1 preposition →10-23 →USAGE1by2 adverbby- prefixChinese with to passive say Corpus a used especially verb |
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